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At               present               time               most               Americans               believe               they               have               overcome               gender               discrimination.

Many               claim               that               America               has               reached               the               point               of               true               equality               where               men               and               women               have               equal               rights.

Yet,               everyone               should               realize               that               this               actually               is               not               the               case,               the               idea               of               male               superiority               exists               in               modern               American               society.

It               lives               in               our               workplace,               in               our               government,               in               our               military,               and               more.

People               may               expect               it               to               exist               in               these               places;               however,               not               many               have               noticed               the               effects               of               the               concept               of               male               superiority               in               one               of               the               most               common               forms               of               entertainment,               video               games.

Video               games               tend               to               favor               male               characters               and               place               females               as               damsels               in               distress               or               sex               icons,               thus               teaching               players               gender               stereotypes               and               male               superiority.

In               1998,               Tracy               L.

Dietz               examined               thirty-three               games               on               the               Nintendo               and               Sega               Genesis               game               consoles.

Thirty-one               percent               of               the               games               did               not               have               a               female               character.

When               there               was               a               female               character,               she               was               shown               in               a               submissive               position.

Merely               15               percent               of               the               female               characters               attained               hero               statuses,               the               others               were               princesses               or               wise               older               women               (qtd.

in               Jansz               and               Martis               143).

The               games               were               thus               dominated               by               male               heroes.

Not               only               was               there               a               lack               of               women               represented,               but               they               were               mostly               submissive               or               supportive               characters.

This               teaches               the               stereotype               that               women               are               the               weaker               sex               and               need               to               be               rescued               by               men,               the               heroes.
               In               the               summer               of               2002,               Berrin               Beasley               and               Tracy               Collins               Standley               did               a               study               on               clothing               as               an               indicator               of               gender               role               stereotyping               in               video               games.

They               randomly               picked               games               from               Nintendo               64               and               Sony               Play-station.

All               of               the               characters               (human,               animal               or               object               in               a               video               game               which               displayed               human               like               characteristics)               were               coded               based               on               their               gender,               and               their               clothing.

Clothing               was               further               divided               by               sleeve               length,               neckline,               lower               body               attire               (which               was               later               removed               because               the               findings               were               not               significant),               and               cleavage.

From               the               forty-seven               games,               five               hundred               ninety-seven               characters               were               coded.
               The               results               were               intriguing.

Of               all               the               characters               analyzed,               427               were               men,               82               were               women,               and               88               were               of               an               indeterminable               gender.

This               means               that               most               of               the               characters               portrayed               in               video               games               are               male.

Around               fifty               percent               of               the               world               is               female,               yet               only               one               in               every               four               of               the               video               games               included               females               (Beasley               and               Standley               289).

Under               representation               of               females               shows               how               males               are               privileged               in               games.

It               was               also               ironic               there               were               more               aliens               or               creatures               represented               than               females,               which               can               lead               one               to               believe               females               are               less               important               than               non-existent               creatures.
               In               sleeve               length,               nearly               half               of               the               females               were               shown               without               sleeves;               most               were               wearing               halter               and               tank               tops               or               bathing               suits.

This               proved               that               women               are               shown               with               fewer               clothes               than               men               in               video               games.

Of               the               twenty-               eight               characters               with               a               low               neckline,               twenty-four               were               female.

Of               the               seventy-one               female               characters               with               visible               cleavage,               twenty-nine               (41%)               were               considered               voluptuous               (having               large               or               overly               large               breasts).

Furthermore,               thirty-one               percent               of               the               characters               with               voluptuous               breasts               were               n               games               rated               E               for               everyone.

This               means               that               little               kids               can               play               these               games               with               suggestive               characters.

Thus,               the               majority               of               the               female               characters               are               dressed               in               such               a               way               as               to               bring               attention               to               their               bodies               (Beasley               and               Standley               269).

Bringing               attention               to               the               bodies               of               females               shows               the               stereotypes               of               what               women               "should               be."
               Being               dressed               in               these               ways               can               create               a               strong               sexual               meaning               for               the               boys               or               young               men               (Beasley               and               Standley               269).

The               appearances               of               women               in               these               games               may               cause               them               to               believe               all               women               should               or               will               dress               provocatively               and/or               have               voluptuous               breasts.

It               can               also               make               girls               who               play               video               games               inferior               about               their               own               bodies               or               clothing,               some               may               even               try               to               be               like               the               females               portrayed.
               Jeroen               Jansz               and               Raynel               G.

Martis               completed               a               study               of               twelve               games               in               2007.

The               games               were               chosen               based               for               their               portrayal               of               different               races               and               genders               and               for               their               storyline.

The               story               lines               helped               determine               the               roles               and               position               of               characters               based               on               race               and               gender.

The               focus               was               on               just               the               human               characters.

They               were               analyzed               based               on               gender,               race,               role               and               appearance               (Jansz               and               Martis               144-145).
               The               results               included               twenty-two               characters.

Thirteen               of               the               twenty-two               characters               were               men.

The               leading               characters               had               an               equal               distribution               of               six               men               and               six               women.

Yet,               the               supporting               characters               included               seven               men               and               only               three               women.

Five               of               the               nine               women               wore               sexy               attire,               clothing               which               shows               skin               or               could               be               seen               as               seductive               and/or               suggestive.

This               matches               the               stereotype               women               are               to               dress               provocatively.

This               means               half               were               being               showcased               as               being               sexual               icons.

Seven               of               the               nine               women               were               thin,               two               were               average               and               none               were               heavy.

Also,               77               percent               of               the               women               had               breasts               that               were               considered               to               be               large               (Jansz               and               Martis               144-146).

These               physical               characteristics               play               into               the               stereotype               that               women               should               be               thin               and               have               large               breasts.

The               portrayal               of               women               in               video               games               as               sexual               icons               teaches               the               players               these               stereotypes.
               At               my               own               home               I               picked               out               three               Nintendo               Game-cube               games               at               random               from               a               stack               of               around               forty.

The               ones               picked               were               Mario               Superstar               Baseball,               Need               for               Speed               Underground               and               The               Urbz:               Sims               in               the               city.

After               examining               the               front               and               back               covers               it               was               clear               to               me               how               females               were               portrayed.

In               Need               for               Speed               Underground,               there               was               only               a               car               on               the               front.

On               the               back               there               was               an               average               height               woman               wearing               a               white               tank               top               and               low               rider               pants.

She               had               an               above               average               sized               chest,               a               somewhat               small               waist               and               tattoos               on               her               upper               left               arm.

This               can               bring               in               the               thought               that               people               driving               the               cars               in               the               game               were               doing               it               to               get               women.

Even               though               she               was               not               overly               provocative,               players               of               the               game               may               assume               that               women               love               those               who               compete               in               street               racing               or               that               they               will               dress               with               more               skin               showing.
               In               Mario               Superstar               Baseball,               the               front               cover               only               shows               male               characters               (Bowser,               Mario,               Luigi,               Wario,               Donkey               Kong)               and               an               unidentifiable               gendered               dinosaur               (Yoshi).

All               the               characters               are               shown               in               a               small               column               on               the               right               of               the               back               cover.

This               column               includes               the               characters               on               the               front               plus               two               females,               four               other               male               characters               and               an               unidentifiable               gender               dinosaur               (Princess               Peach,               Daisy,               Waluigi,               Diddy               Kong,               Bowser               Junior,               and               Birdo).

In               total               there               were               eight               characters               of               male               gender               (two               of               which               were               nonhuman),               two               female               characters               (they               both               are               wearing               blue               earrings),               and               two               dinosaurs               of               unidentifiable               gender.

The               female               characters               are               only               displayed               as               often               as               the               dinosaurs,               yet               in               the               modern               world               dinosaurs               are               extinct               and               females               make               up               half               of               the               population.

It               can               seem               ironic               that               both               of               the               female               characters               are               wearing               jewelry,               as               if               they               were               going               somewhere               nice.

However,               they               were               only               going               to               be               playing               baseball.

This               makes               the               players               think               that               girls               should               always               wear               jewelry               no               matter               what               the               occasion.

They               both               have               long               hair               which               is               nicely               put               in               a               pony               tail               or               a               combed               to               their               shoulder.

This               suggests               women               should               always               have               their               hair               looking               nice.

These               portrayals               of               characters               hint               at               and               teach               gender               stereotypes.

Male               superiority               is               shown               by               the               abundance               of               male               characters               compared               to               female.
               In               The               Urbz:               Sims               in               the               City,               there               is               an               equal               depiction               of               two               males               and               two               females               on               the               front               cover.

On               the               back               cover               there               seems               to               be               a               decent               amount               of               females               in               four               frames               describing               the               game.

This               game               has               equal               representation               of               both               genders.

There               is               a               slight               issue               with               the               way               females               are               clothed               and               their               body               structures.

One               of               the               females               on               the               front               has               above               average               chest               with               a               small               waist,               large               hips               and               long               thin               legs.

She               is               wearing               a               bare               midriff               leather               jacket,               purple               belly               shirt               and               jeans               that               go               down               past               her               hipbones.

The               other               female               on               the               front               had               a               very               low               cut               purple               jacket               where               cleavage               is               visible,               and               skinny               legs               with               very               tight               sweatpants.

This               demonstrates               that               some               games               have               become               conscious               that               women               should               be               shown               equally.

Yet,               within               these               games,               stereotypes               about               women's               bodies               are               evident.

Women               should               have               a               large               chest,               small               waist               and               medium               to               large               hips.

They               should               be               skinny               and               have               a               long               neck               and               long               legs.

Though               these               games               have               made               progress               to               show               more               women,               they               still               show               them               stereotypically               and               do               not               take               into               account               all               women               have               different               structures.

This               can               teach               male               players               to               expect               women               to               have               "perfect"               bodies,               and               female               players               of               what               they               should               look               like.
               The               Entertainment               Software               Association               estimates               that               "fully               half               of               all               Americans               age               6               or               older               play               video               games"               (ESA               2005).

This               means               that               the               majority               of               all               Americans               who               are               six               years               of               age               or               older               have               been               learning               from               video               games.

They               learn               that               males,               being               more               prevalent               in               the               games,               are               superior               to               females.

They               are               taught               that               women               should               look               and               dress               certain               ways.

Also,               women               are               seen               as               submissive               and/or               as               sex               icons               and               hardly               ever               the               heroes.

Even               when               women               are               shown               as               main               characters               or               heroes,               they               are               dressed               in               provocative               ways.

In               1992,               Eugene               Provenzo               Jr.

suggested               "Like               television,               video               games               are               a               type               of               medium               providing               information               that               both               entertains               and               educates."               It               seems               he               is               indeed               correct.
               It               is               obvious               that               video               games               play               a               major               role               in               the               lives               of               children,               young               adults               and               even               some               older               people.

Anyone               can               learn               so               much               from               these               games.

Yet,               are               the               games               teaching               correct               and               moral               concepts?

This               new               industry               has               impacted               the               lives               of               people               all               across               America.

Have               we,               as               Americans,               really               gotten               past               inequality               among               genders?

The               Video               games               industry               suggests               otherwise,               through               stereotyping               and               male               superiority,               that               we               still               make               assumptions               based               on               gender.

So,               next               time               anyone               picks               up               that               controller               they               should               ask               "What               am               I               really               learning               here?"
               Works               Cited
               Beasley,               Berrin               and               Tracy               Collins               Standley.

"Shirts               vs.Skins:               Clothing               as               an               Indicator               of               Gender               Role               Stereotyping               in               Video               Games."               Mass               Communication               &               Society               5.3               (Summer               2002):               279-293.

Academic               Search               Premier.

EBSCO.

Loyola               Notre               Dame               Library,               Baltimore,               MD.

17               November               2007.
               "Game               Player               Data."               Entertainment               Software               Association.(2005).

17               November               2007.Jansz,               Jeroen,               and               Raynel               G.

Martis.

"The               Lara               Phenomenon:               Powerful               Female               Characters               in               Video               Games."               Sex               Roles               56.3/4               (Feb.

2007):               141-148.

Academic               Search               Premier.

EBSCO.

Loyola               Notre               Dame               Library,               Baltimore,               MD.

17               November               2007.
               Mario               Superstar               Baseball.

Redmond:               Nintendo               of               America               Inc.

NAMCO.

2005.
               Need               for               Speed               Underground.

Redwood               City:               Electronic               Arts               Inc.

Nintendo.

2003.
               Provenzo               Jr.,               Eugene               F.

"What               do               video               games               teach."Education               Digest               58.4               (Dec.

1992):               56.

Academic               Search               Premier.

EBSCO.

Loyola               Notre               Dame               Library,               Baltimore,               MD.

17               November               2007.
               The               Urbz:               Sims               in               the               City.

Redwood               City:               Electronic               Arts               Inc.

Nintendo.

2004.






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